Discursive Essays

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Here are resources on how to write a discursive essay.

Remember, you should choose an issue which is important to you – one which you are passionate about.

Powerpoint: Planning a Discursive Essay (Skills and Criteria)

Word Document: Planning a Discursive Essay (Structure and Examples)

Links to other sites:

Writing Commons – Many different articles on how to improve your writing.

Relevant and Reliable Sources

Relevance

Always think:

  • What information do you want from the source?
  • Look initially at the title of the book or article, the contents page and the index if they are present.
  • Do they indicate that the information you are looking for is here?
  • If so your next step is to skim-read the information to see if it is useful.
  • If it seems to be, read over it again carefully.

Reliability

When you are first presented with a written source of information you should consider whether the information is:

  • Accurate
  • Biased or balanced
  • Supported by evidence
  • Up to date

Internet Research

When searching on the internet it is particularly important to ensure the reliability of your sources. It can be hard to tell.

  • Always check the information on more than one site.
  • Access reliable websites e.g.
    • newspapers;
    • BBC,
    • Government web pages etc.
  • Use key words to focus on relevant and reliable information and narrow your search.

Remember, to research both sides of the debate. Look at sites that contain arguments both for and against.

Recording Sources

It is essential that you give credit to information and ideas from other sources.

At the end of your essay you must provide a bibliography, or a list of sources you have consulted during your research.

Make sure you keep this record as you go – you may find it very difficult to go back and find sources later.

Plagiarism

You must not copy chunks of information from any text, nor can you copy or paste from a source to a word document.

This is ‘plagiarism’: taking ideas/ passages / sentences from someone else’s work and presenting them as your own.

Instead you must:

  • Summarise: sum up the key points, in your own words
  • Paraphrase: write down someone else’s ideas in your own words.
  • Quote: making sure you reference the material, either with a footnote or in brackets after the actual quotation.

Also, ensure that you lay out the quotation correctly. E.g.:

An article in the Scotsman newspaper suggests that some bar owners allow young people to buy alcohol. However, in that piece one owner said, “it is difficult to tell if young people are over 18”.

If in doubt, come and ask!

NFF Week 7 – TIE campaign’s LGBTI rights mission is a breath of fresh air

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Cat Boyd (The National, Scotland)

NOVEMBER 17TH, 2015

JORDAN Daly is 20 years old, strikingly handsome and instantly likeable, a student who’s unquestionably bright but not remotely staid or posh. He’s also gay. In many Scottish schools, that’s a problem: so much so that Jordan, aged 12, planned to save up his pocket money to buy rope to hang himself. “I planned to kill myself because I hated myself so much”, he now admits matter-of-factly. Telling that story might seem like shock tactics, but Jordan offers it to stress how typical his experience is: 26 per cent of LGBTI school students actually attempt suicide, and many more contemplate it.

Today, Jordan runs Time for Inclusive Education (TIE), a campaign that seeking to bring these shocking facts to light across schools in Scotland. He co-founded TIE with Liam Stevenson, 37, a hunky father to a four-year-old girl. Liam may look like a gay pin-up, but he talks and acts like a stereotypical heterosexual tanker driver, because, well, he’s a heterosexual tanker driver: he even offers me DIY advice.

The two are best friends, but they’ve only known each other for a year. TIE is the latest innovative campaign to grow out of the hothouse atmosphere of the 2014 independence referendum. Liam, a seemingly macho working-class guy, provided an unlikely outlet for Jordan’s stories about his traumatic experience with sexuality. “It wasn’t until I met Liam that I was able to properly talk about what I went through when I was 12,” he told me. “I don’t want to be defined by what happened to me, but if it helps one kid in the school, then I’m happy to talk about it. This happened to me eight years ago, and today I’m receiving emails from kids who are going through the exact same thing. Nearly a decade has gone by and nothings really changed.” Liam interrupts for emphasis: “Yep, no progress at all”.

Of course, officially, there’s been lots of progress. In 1980, sex between two men of any age was still illegal in Scotland. By comparison, it was decriminalised in Italy in 1890, Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Sweden in 1944, England and Wales in 1967, West Germany in 1969, and Norway in 1972. Even in 2000, when I was in S4 at Holy Cross High School in Hamilton, a significant portion of Scotland was backing Margaret Thatcher’s homophobic Section 28 law against “teaching homosexuality” in schools. Now I’m 30, and Scotland has just been voted “the best country in Europe for LGBTI equality”. On the surface, there’s progress.

Sadly, though, LGBTI in schools is still something of a taboo subject. The campaign to repeal Section 28 was ultimately victorious, but it also revealed a very ugly side of Scottish politics. Some of the worst bigotry came from Scotland’s centre-left institutions. Michael Connarty, until recently a Falkirk Labour MP, warned of “active militant gays” among the teaching profession, who, in his experience, “groomed young boys who seemed to be leaning in a particular direction”.

And of course, there’s Brian Souter. Souter, who bankrolled the SNP until recently and was described as “one of the outstanding entrepreneurs of his generation” by Alex Salmond, shelled out £1 million for a campaign to keep Section 28. Although the SNP didn’t take Souter’s side on that issue, his financing of the party and his Keep the Clause campaign are still embarrassing for many Scottish progressives.

HARDLY anyone defends homophobic bullying anymore. But the issue is suppressed for a few reasons. First, we blame the bullies themselves, not the institutions and the people in power. Second, a repressive attitude prevails which says that homosexuality is fine for other people in private, but intolerable in public, and certainly not in front of “my children”. Third, issues like gay marriage are still seen as private moral matters rather than ideological left-right issues. Labour politicians such as Michael McCann and SNP figures like John Mason still trample around “voting with their conscience” against gay rights; and too often party leaders overlook prejudice in the name of principle.

I find Liam and Jordan likeable because they confront all the stereotypes about the issue. There’s nothing “politically correct” about them: they don’t sound like an Oxbridge-educated Radio 4 panel, or a mealy-mouthed quango. Their graphic design is hip and approachable, unlike the standard leftist models. Liam challenges the idea that only LGBTI people need to care about “gay issues”, showing it’s a campaign everyone should support. A year ago, before he discovered the facts, he was, by his own admission, a typical “bloke”; in many ways, he still is. Meet him yourself if you don’t believe me.

There’s a danger that Scotland, having made some legal reforms, falls into a self-congratulatory myth that there’s “no problem here”, or that our institutions are inherently progressive. There’s also the danger that LGBTI politics goes establishment. From the corporate takeover of Pride to the installation of standard government “equality initiatives”, this danger is everywhere. We risk forgetting where rights come from: having won them from below, we assume they’ll get handed down from the top in future. TIE offers a different model. Referencing everyone from Harvey Milk to James Connolly, the three of us talk about direct action, struggles, gay rights history.

I ask Liam and Jordan for a final message. Jordan’s is cautiously optimistic: “things will get better,” he says. “But really, saying that isn’t good enough. I want young people to know that there are a squad of people out there who are fighting to make it better right now, not just in the future.” Liam simply tells me: “Homophobia kills”.

They’re both right. Homophobia is killing kids; it’s also damaging their lives and their education. Much of that homophobia is silently handed down by parents and institutions. But Jordan is also right: history is on our side, if we’re conscious of it. TIE represents precisely the principles that will ensure a victory for justice: challenging injustice without hectoring the unconvinced, appealing to ordinary people without selling out. Scottish politics can learn a lot from their example.

Animal Farm Resources

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To help you with revision, I will be including links to different materials and resources. Some of these I have produced, some are from other teachers, some are from blogs and other websites.

Powerpoint: Background to the Russian Revolution

Powerpoint: Background to George Orwell

Word Document: Key Napoleon Quotations

Word Document: Key Snowball Quotations

Word Document: Revision Questions

Film: The Russian Revolution, on Youtube: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

You could also watch other good films on the Russian Revolution, e.g. Doctor Zhivago, (1965), Reds (1981), Enemy at the Gates (2001: trailer)

Film: Animal Farm (1954, animated) on YouTube

Film: Animal Farm (1999, live action) on YouTube

Study Notes: Animal Farm from SparkNotes

Quiz: Animal Farm Character Descriptsion, Quizlet

Quiz: Animal Farm Vocabulary, memrise (you need to create an account)

NFF Week 6 – Martin Shkreli: America’s most despised man who makes AIDS sufferers pay $750 per pill

UNTIL a few days ago few people had heard of Martin Shkreli, a 32-year-old former hedge fund investor from New York.

Now he has found himself catapulted into global notoriety after the pharma-ceutical company Turing, where he is chief executive, this week increased the price of the life-saving drug Daraprim by a whopping 5,000 per cent.

Last month the company bought the rights to the drug, which is used mainly to treat toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection that affects people with compromised immune systems, including AIDS and HIV patients, as well as cancer sufferers.

Some patients take between five and 10 tablets every day, meaning this price hike – which only affects patients in the US – may condemn thousands of Americans either to bankruptcy or a shorter life expectancy

And yet it costs less than 75p to make each Daraprim pill, which was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1950s.

Speaking on Bloomberg News earlier this week Shkreli attempted to defend himself saying that the paltry production costs don’t include the price of marketing and distribution.

He said: “If there was a company that was selling an Aston Martin at the price of a bicycle and we bought that company and charged Toyota prices I don’t think that should be a crime. We’re simply charging the right price. We have to turn a profit.”

Shkreli added that these profits will be used to make improvements to the 62-year-old drug recipe and that it is “still underpriced relative to its peers”.

His explanation is unlikely to satisfy his critics. They have labeled him a “morally bankrupt sociopath”, a “scumbag” and “everything that is wrong with money, medicine and politics in America”. Hillary Clinton this week joined the chorus, declaring: “Price gouging like this in the specialty drug market is outrageous. Tomorrow I’ll lay out a plan to take it on.”

Yet Shkreli’s response to his online critics was to tweet defiant lyrics from a song by rapper Eminem. (“And it seems like the media immediately points a finger at me/ So I point one back at ’em, but not the index or pinkie.”)

Judith Aberg, a spokeswoman for the HIV Medicine Association, said that even patients with insurance to cover some of the inflated cost of Daraprim could end up more than £100 per pill out of pocket now that the price has gone up from £8.78 to a staggering £488.26 per pill.  ($750 in U.S. currency).

This month Aberg joined forces with the Infectious Diseases Society of America to pen an open letter to Shkreli. In it they said that the proposed massive price increase on Daraprim was “unjustifiable for the medically vulnerable patient population” and was “unsustainable for the healthcare system”.

Shkreli has long courted controversy. The son of Albanian and Croatian immigrants he grew up in a working-class community in Brooklyn, New York and subsequently gained a business degree in 2004.

Aged 17 he began an internship at a hedge fund founded by American TV personality and best-selling author Jim Cramer and two years later he launched his own such fund. But it closed a year later after a £1.5million lawsuit from Lehman Brothers which collapsed before a verdict was reached.

We have to turn a profit

Undeterred Shkreli then set up MSMB Capital Management in 2008. It funded his first foray into the pharmaceutical industry in 2011 when he founded a biotech firm called Retrophin, which focused on producing medicines for rare diseases.

Yesterday it also emerged that Shkreli is a repeat offender when it comes to inflating the price of drugs. In May 2014 Retrophin acquired the rights to sell a drug named Thiola which is used to treat a rare and incurable kidney condition known as cystinuria. Many sufferers have to take the drug from early childhood.

Shkreli’s company promptly increased the price of Thiola from £1 per pill to more than £20 a pill.

In September 2014 Shkreli was ousted as head of the company amid allegations of misuse of company money and is now being sued by Retrophin for £43million. He denied the accusations, claiming: “They are sort of concocting this wild and crazy and unlikely story to swindle me out of the money.”

His integrity may be shrouded in doubt but Shkreli’s ego and ambition remain intact and in February this year he launched his present company Turing.

In the past 48 hours he has sought to address the Daraprim debacle, claiming that he will now lower the price of the drug to make it more affordable. But he has not revealed exactly what the new cost to patients will be.

Whatever the adjustment to the figures it has been called an empty gesture that has come too late. There was an insight on Shkreli’s now-deleted profile on a dating website called OK Cupid in which he described himself as “intelligent, handsome and all sorts of other good qualities”.

“I am endlessly entertaining, providing comedic relief and artistic thought in one convenient package. What a catch!” He also revealed he spends a lot of time thinking about “human suffering”.

The suffering of those families with a loved one who is reliant on Daraprim doesn’t seem to have occurred to him, however, nor the huge financial investment that they now face in order to maintain their health.