Social stories can help with developing develop greater social understanding

What are social stories?

Social stories were created by Carol Gray in 1991. They are short descriptions of a particular situation, event or activity, which include specific information about what to expect in that situation and why.

The terms ‘social story’ and ‘social stories’ are trademarks originated and owned by Carol Gray.

What are social stories for?

Social stories can be used to:

• develop self-care skills (for example, how to clean teeth, wash hands or get dressed), social skills (for example, sharing, asking for help, saying thank you, interrupting) and academic abilities
• help someone to understand how others might behave or respond in a particular situation
• help others understand the perspective of an autistic person and why they may respond or behave in a particular way
• help a person to cope with changes to routine and unexpected or distressing events (for example, absence of teacher, moving house, thunderstorms)
• provide positive feedback to a person about an area of strength or achievement in order to develop self-esteem
• as a behavioural strategy (for example, what to do when angry, how to cope with obsessions).

How do social stories help?

Social stories present information in a literal, ‘concrete’ way, which may improve a person’s understanding of a previously difficult or ambiguous situation or activity. The presentation and content can be adapted to meet different people’s needs.

They can help with sequencing (what comes next in a series of activities) and ‘executive functioning’ (planning and organising).

By providing information about what might happen in a particular situation, and some guidelines for behaviour, you can increase structure in a person’s life and thereby reduce anxiety.

Creating or using a social story can help you to understand how the autistic person perceives different situations.

Example

My toys

My toys belong to me. They are mine.

Many of my toys were given to me

Some of my toys have my name on them.

I may play with my toys or share them with someone.

I have toys that are mine.

Carol Gray’s The new social story book, 2015

How to write a social story

Carol Gray says you will need to picture the goal, gather information, and tailor the text.

Picture the goal

Consider the social story’s purpose. For example, the goal may be to teach a child to cover their mouth when coughing.

Now think about what the child needs to understand to achieve this goal. For example, they need to understand why covering their mouth when coughing is important, ie it stops germs from being spread which may make other people sick.

Gather information

Collect information about the situation you want to describe in your social story. Where does the situation occur? Who is it with? How does it begin and end? How long does it last? What actually happens in the situation and why? If it is for a situation where a particular outcome is not guaranteed, use words like ‘sometimes’ and ‘usually’ in the story.

Stories should appeal to the interests of the person they are written for and avoid using words that may cause the person anxiety or distress. The content and presentation of social stories should be appropriate to the person’s age and level of understanding. Use age-appropriate photographs, picture symbols or drawings with text to help people who have difficulty reading or for younger children.

Gather information about the person including their age, interests, attention span, level of ability and understanding.

Tailor the text

A social story needs to have a title, introduction, body and conclusion.

It should use gentle and supportive language.

It should answer six questions: where, when, who, what, how and why?

It should be made up of descriptive sentences, and may also have coaching sentences. A descriptive sentence accurately describes the context, such as where the situation occurs, who is there, what happens and why, for example:

• Christmas Day is 25 December.
• Sometimes I get sick.
• My body needs food several times per day; just like a steam train needs coal to stay running.

A coaching sentence gently guides behaviour, for example:

• I will try to hold an adult’s hand when crossing the road.
• It’s ok to ask an adult for help with nightmares.
• When I am angry, I can take three deep breaths, go for a walk or jump on the trampoline.

Carol Gray’s The new social story book, 2015

How to use social stories

Carol Gray has developed guidelines on how to use social stories effectively.

• Think about ways to aid comprehension – would adding questions help, or replacing some text with blanks for the person to fill in?
• Find ways to support the story, eg create poster with a key phrase from the story.
• Plan how often, and where, the story will be shared with the person.
• Present the social story to the person at a time when everyone is feeling calm and relaxed, using a straightforward approach, eg I have written this story for you. It is about thunderstorms. Let’s read it together now.
• Monitor how well the story is received and whether it is working as intended.
• Keep your stories organised in a ringbinder or computer folder. This makes them easier to find and review, and to develop with new information.

Carol Gray’s The new social story book, 2015

• Timmins, Dr. S. (2017) Successful Social Stories for School and College Students with Autism, Jessica Kingsley Publishers
• Timmins, Dr. S. (2016) Successful Social Stories for Young Children with Autism Jessica Kingsley Publishers
• Gray, C. (2015) The new Social Story book: 15th Anniversary Edition. Future Horizons Firm
• Gray, C. (1994) Comic strip conversations: illustrated interactions with students with autism and related disorders  Carol Gray social story sampler
• Gerhardt, P., Cohen, M. (2014) Visual supports for people with autism: a guide for parents and professionals. Woodbine House
• Howley, M., Arnold, E. (2005) Revealing the hidden social code. Jessica Kingsley Publishers
• Aprendices Visuales – books with pictograms.