Cellular respiration
(a) Glucose is broken down, hydrogen ions and electrons are removed by dehydrogenase enzymes and ATP is released.
(b) The role of ATP in the transfer of energy and the phosphorylation of molecules by ATP.
(c) Metabolic pathways of cellular respiration. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm in glycolysis. The phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis in an energy investment phase leading to the direct generation of more ATP in an energy pay-off stage giving a net gain of ATP. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A to be transferred to the citric acid cycle as acetyl coenzyme A. Acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate followed by the enzyme mediated steps of the cycle. This cycle results in the generation of ATP, release of CO2, and the regeneration of oxaloacetate in the matrix of the mitochondria. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Dehydrogenase enzymes remove H ions and electrons, which are passed to coenzymes NAD or FAD (forming NADH or FADH2) in glycolysis and citric acid pathways. The high energy electrons are passed to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane and results in the synthesis of ATP.
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Homework Sheets : CfE Higher Sht2_5
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