{"id":793,"date":"2015-06-04T13:34:35","date_gmt":"2015-06-04T13:34:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/?p=793"},"modified":"2015-06-05T12:57:43","modified_gmt":"2015-06-05T12:57:43","slug":"higher-old-glossary-multimedia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/2015\/06\/04\/higher-old-glossary-multimedia\/","title":{"rendered":"Higher (old) Glossary – Multimedia"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

GLOSSARY \u2013 MULTIMEDIA<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ADC<\/strong><\/td>\nAnalogue to Digital Converter: converts analogue signals to a stream of digital data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ADPCM<\/strong><\/td>\nAdaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation: a technique for encoding audio data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AVI<\/strong><\/td>\nAudio Video Interleave: file format consisting of frames of audio interleaved between frames of video<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bit-rate<\/strong><\/td>\nThis is the term used for the speed at which the binary digits are delivered to the target system (e.g. a multimedia player). In general terms, the higher the bit-rate, the smoother the playback.Bit Rate (bits per second) = sampling depth (bits) * sampling frequency (Hz)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CCD<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/td>\n		Charge Coupled Device, a light detecting sensor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clipping<\/strong><\/td>\nThis is a form of digital distortion which occurs when values in the digital audio data exceed the original sampled range, e.g. when the volume is pushed past the 100% value or some signal processing attempts to achieve a frequency which is out of range. If the volume of a sound signal is beyond the dynamic range then clipping occurs. This can be caused by recording a sound using too high a gain setting, if the sound is louder than expected or if the volume of the sound is edited and increased beyond the dynamic range of the file.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CMOS<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. A type of transistor that can be used as a light sensor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DAC<\/strong><\/td>\nDigital to Analogue Converter: converts from a stream of digital data to an analogue signal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Digital sampling<\/strong><\/td>\nDigital sampling is the process of converting an analogue electrical signal (e.g. the output from a microphone) and converting it into a stream of digital data by measuring the analogue value at regular time intervals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DSP<\/strong><\/td>\nDigital signal processor: a processor specialised to processing waveform signals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fade<\/strong><\/td>\nFade is the term applied to a change in volume. It is used to prevent abrupt starts and finishes of sounds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GIF<\/strong><\/td>\nGraphics Interchange Format: a format for graphics files, possibly subject to patent restrictions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GPU<\/strong><\/td>\nGraphical processing unit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
JPEG<\/strong><\/td>\nJoint Photographic Experts Group: the name used for an image compression format specified by that committee.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
LZW<\/strong><\/td>\nLempel-Ziv-Welch, a data compression technique developed in 1977 by J Ziv and A Lempel, and later refined by Terry Welch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MP3<\/strong><\/td>\nThe Motion Picture Experts Group\u2019s audio-only specification which delivers high quality musical audio in a highly compressed format. It achieves its high compression rate by combining Huffman encoding with a series of compromises such as recording low level sounds in mono, and removing silences and \u2018redundant\u2019 noise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MPEG<\/strong><\/td>\nMoving Pictures Expert Group: a series of standards for compressing audio and video.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Normalising<\/strong><\/td>\nNormalize is a tool for adjusting the volume of audio files to a standard level. This is useful for things like creating mixed CD\u2019s and mp3 collections, where different recording levels on different albums can cause the volume to vary greatly from song to song. Captured signal may not use the full dynamic range available and the sound does not use the available range of volumes. The signal is clearer if full dynamic range is used, and it makes the sound louder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PAM<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nPulse Amplitude Modulation: sampling mechanism for audio signals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PCM<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nPulse Code Modulation: storage and transmission format for audio data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PNG<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\nPortable Network Graphics: a freely available format for graphics files<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rasterisation<\/strong><\/td>\nprocess of converting from an object oriented format to a discrete bitmap format<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
RAW<\/strong><\/td>\n\u2018Raw\u2019 PCM formats are files of bare audio digitised using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
RIFF<\/strong><\/td>\nResource Interchange File Format: a multimedia data file format. This can define different types of media including AVI & WAV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
RLE<\/strong><\/td>\nRun length encoding: a simple compression mechanism working on repeated sequences of the same character<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sampling<\/strong><\/td>\nAn analogue sound value measured every nth fraction of a second and stored digitally.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sampling (or bit) depth<\/strong><\/td>\nThe amount of data that is stored per sample.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sampling Rate<\/strong><\/td>\nThe number of sound samples that are taken per second.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stereo<\/strong><\/td>\nA familiar term to Hi-Fi enthusiasts applied to a pair of audio channels placed one LEFT and one RIGHT of the listener to simulate the human experience of listening with both ears.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Surround sound<\/strong><\/td>\nRefers to a multi-channel audio format designed to give the human listener the experience of aural events happening on all sides. Often Referred to by the number of speakers used ie 7.1 (seven speakers and 1 sub woofer)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SVG<\/strong><\/td>\nScaleable Vector Graphics file format for vector graphics interchange on WWW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VRAM<\/strong><\/td>\nVideo Random Access Memory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
WAV<\/strong><\/td>\nThis is the RIFF sound format of choice for Windows. A WAV file can be regarded as a \u2018bitmapped\u2019 sound file. The ADC conversion in WAV files is done using ADPCM. Uncompressed Wave files are quite large in size so have become less popular.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Glossary of abbreviations:<\/h1>\n
ADC \u2013\u00a0Analogue to Digital Converter<\/div>\n
API\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Applications Program Interface<\/div>\n
AVI\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Audio Video Interleaved<\/div>\n
CCD\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Charge Coupled Device<\/div>\n
CLUT<\/a> \u2013\u00a0Colour Lookup Table<\/div>\n
DAC\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Digital to Analogue Converter<\/div>\n
DSP\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Digital Signal Processing<\/div>\n
GIF <\/a>–\u00a0Graphic Interchange Format<\/div>\n
GPU\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Graphics Processing Unit<\/div>\n
HTML\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Hypertext Markup Language<\/div>\n
JPEG\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Joint Photographic Experts Group<\/div>\n
IEEE\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers<\/div>\n
LZW\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Lempel, Ziv, Welch (compression algorithm)<\/div>\n
MIDI\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Musical Instrument Digital Interface<\/div>\n
MPEG\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Motion Picture Expert Group<\/div>\n
MP3\u00a0\u2013\u00a0MPEG-1 audio layer \u2013 3<\/div>\n
PCM\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Pulse Code Modulation<\/div>\n
PNG\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Portable Network Graphics<\/div>\n
RAW\u00a0\u2013\u00a0\u201craw\u201d (unprocessed) data<\/div>\n
RGB\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Red Green Blue<\/div>\n
RIFF\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Resource Interchange File Format<\/div>\n
RLE\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Run-Length Encoding<\/div>\n
SVG\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Scalable Vector Graphics<\/div>\n
USB\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Universal Serial Bus<\/div>\n
VRML\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Virtual Reality Markup Language<\/div>\n
WRL\u00a0\u2013\u00a0World Description Language<\/div>\n
WYSIWYG\u00a0\u2013\u00a0What You See Is What You Get<\/div>\n
Lists\u00a0compiled\u00a0using LTS, Scholar & Vale of Leven Academy notes.<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

GLOSSARY \u2013 MULTIMEDIA<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17007],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-media-types"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=793"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":818,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/793\/revisions\/818"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}