{"id":686,"date":"2015-03-10T21:53:39","date_gmt":"2015-03-10T21:53:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/?p=686"},"modified":"2015-03-10T22:12:15","modified_gmt":"2015-03-10T22:12:15","slug":"low-level-operations-and-computer-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/2015\/03\/10\/low-level-operations-and-computer-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Low-level  operations and  computer  architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Units of storage: bit, byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte<\/li>\n<li>Translation of high-level program code to binary (machine code): interpreters and compilers<\/li>\n<li>Use of binary to represent and store:\n<ul>\n<li>Integers<\/li>\n<li>Real numbers (mantissa &amp; exponent)<\/li>\n<li>Characters<\/li>\n<li>Instructions (machine code)<\/li>\n<li>Graphics (bit-mapped and vector)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Basic computer architecture:\n<ul>\n<li>Processor( registers, ALU, control unit)<\/li>\n<li>Memory<\/li>\n<li>Buses (data and address)<\/li>\n<li>Interfaces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Units of storage<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Binary \/ Decimal<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 30px\">128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 \r\n 1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1 = 255 \r\n 0  1  1  0  1 0 0 1 = 105\r\n<\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>1 bit \u00a0= <strong>Bi<\/strong>nary Digi<strong>t<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>8 bits = 1 Byte<\/li>\n<li>1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte<\/li>\n<li>1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte<\/li>\n<li>1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte<\/li>\n<li>1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte<\/li>\n<li>1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Translation of high-level program code to binary (machine code)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interpreters<\/strong> &#8211; translates program code\u00a0line by line, spots errors more easily but takes longer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compilers<\/strong> &#8211; translates program code and saves the machine code, less likely to spot errors but more efficient. Creates a run time version that can&#8217;t be edited.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Use of binary to represent and store<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Real numbers<\/strong> uses mantissa &amp; exponent &#8211; 2.56 X 10<sup>5<\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Mantissa = 2.56 Exponent = 5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Characters<\/strong> &#8211; ASCII allocates a different binary code to each letter (8 bits-256 characters), Unicode (16 bits &#8211; 65,535 characters)\n<ul>\n<li>A = 00100001<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Instructions<\/strong>, machine code &#8211; the only characters the processor can understand 10101011101<\/li>\n<li><strong>Graphics<\/strong> bit-mapped and vector Bit-mapped, graphics are made up of pixels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Bit-mapped Graphics<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Formula <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Number of pixels = image width x resolution x image height x resolution<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a 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150w, https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2015\/03\/pixels.jpg 993w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This is enlarged but is 1 inch by 1 inch at 22 Dots Per Inch. In that case there are 22 x 1 x 22 x 1 = 484\u00a0pixels<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example 2 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bitmap with a resolution of 600&#215;600 pixels in 8 bit colour.<\/p>\n<p>Storage requirements<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 30px\">600 x 600 x 1 bytes = 360000 \r\nIt is 1 byte as it is 8 bits per pixel \r\n360000\/1024 = 351.6 kilobytes<\/pre>\n<p><strong>Example 3 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Calculate the number of pixels in 4 inch by 5 inch photograph scanned which has a resolution of 600 dots per inch.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Pixels = 4 x 600 x 5 x 600 = 7,200,000 pixels\r\n1pixel = 1 bit \r\n7,200,000 \/ 8 = 90000 bytes \r\n90000 bytes \/ 1024 = 878.9 Kb<\/pre>\n<h3>Vector Graphics<\/h3>\n<p>It is possible to edit each <strong>object<\/strong> separately, for example, change the shape, colour, size and position.<\/p>\n<p>Even if an object in a vector graphic is quite large, it doesn&#8217;t need a lot of computer memory. Therefore the file size of a vector graphic is often very <strong>small<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Vector graphics are <strong>scalable<\/strong> when you resize them, they<strong> do not lose quality<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>Basic computer architecture<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Processor<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Registers<\/strong> &#8211; temporary storage locations holding data being processed<\/li>\n<li><strong>Arithmetic and Logic Unit<\/strong> \u2013 deals with comparisons and arithmetic calculations<\/li>\n<li><strong>Control Unit<\/strong> &#8211; controls all other parts of the processor, ensures instructions are carried out in the correct order<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Memory<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Random Access Memory (RAM)<\/strong> &#8211; temporary data storage only held as long as the computer is switched on.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Read only memory (ROM)<\/strong> &#8211; Permanent memory not lost when the computer is switched off. Data stored on a hard disk or a memory stick.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Buses<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>data bus<\/strong> &#8211; carries data to and from the processor, memory and other devices. Bi-directional<\/li>\n<li><strong>address bus<\/strong> &#8211; carries address locations\u00a0from processor to the memory.<\/li>\n<li><strong>control bus<\/strong> &#8211; made up of a number of separate wires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interfaces<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>allows a processor to send and receive data to and from peripherals like printers, scanners, keyboards and projectors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Units of storage: bit, byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte Translation of high-level program code to binary (machine code): interpreters and compilers Use of binary to represent and store: Integers Real numbers (mantissa &amp; exponent) Characters Instructions (machine code) Graphics (bit-mapped and vector) Basic computer architecture: Processor( registers, ALU, control unit) Memory Buses (data and &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17938,17013,17009],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-computerstructure","category-national-5","category-software-design-devlopment"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=686"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":692,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions\/692"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}