{"id":1190,"date":"2016-04-15T09:30:32","date_gmt":"2016-04-15T09:30:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/?p=1190"},"modified":"2016-04-15T09:31:42","modified_gmt":"2016-04-15T09:31:42","slug":"higher-structures-and-links-database-revision","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/2016\/04\/15\/higher-structures-and-links-database-revision\/","title":{"rendered":"Higher &#8211;  Structures and links database (Revision)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A database is a collection of data stored in a structured, organised manner.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Flat file databases<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A<strong> flat file<\/strong> database has all data is contained in one <strong>file<\/strong> (a table or entity).<\/p>\n<p>Data is organised into <strong>fields<\/strong> (columns or attributes) and <strong>records<\/strong> (rows or occurrences).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Field Types<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Basic field types include: text, numeric, date, time.<\/p>\n<p>Other field types include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Object<\/strong> (a container) \u2013 can contain graphic, audio, video, etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Link<\/strong> \u2013 contains a hyperlink.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calculation<\/strong> \u2013 contains a formula to calculate its contents from other data in the record. Automatic calculation of data reduces the chance of human error.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2016\/04\/HDB1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1191\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/2016\/04\/15\/higher-structures-and-links-database-revision\/hdb1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2016\/04\/HDB1.png\" data-orig-size=\"745,494\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" 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150w, https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2016\/04\/HDB1.png 745w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boolean<\/strong> \u2013 stores Yes\/No or True\/False.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Summary<\/strong> \u2013 calculates data based on data from multiple records in database. For example, totals up the contents of a particular field across all records.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Relational Databases<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Relational databases have two or more files linked together.\u00a0Using linked tables reduces unnecessary duplication of data, therefore reducing the opportunity for error.<\/p>\n<p>Good database design <strong>avoids data duplication<\/strong> by using linked tables where appropriate and <strong>reduces errors in data entry<\/strong> by using suitable validation techniques.<\/p>\n<h3>Relationships<\/h3>\n<p>There are 3 types of relationships between tables in a relational database.<\/p>\n<p><strong>One-to-one (1:1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>One record in the first table can only link to exactly one record in the second table.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>One-to-one relationships are rarely used, except as a means of splitting up a large, unwieldy table or treating part of a table differently (e.g. keeping some fields secure).<\/li>\n<li><em>Example<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In a database with a Customer Details table linked to an Account Details table \u2013 one customer can only have one account, and vice versa.<\/li>\n<li>However, the Customer Details table can be made available to all staff whilst the Account Details table could only be available to senior staff.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>One-to-many (1:M)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>One record in the first table can link to two or more records in the second table.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Each record in the second table can only be linked to exactly one record in the first table.<\/li>\n<li><em>Example<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In a database with a Customers table linked to a Tickets table &#8211; one customer can have many tickets, but each ticket may only have one customer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Many-to-many (M:M)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>One record in the first table can link to two or more records in the second table.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>One record in the second table can also link to two or more records in the first table.<\/li>\n<li>Many-to-many relationships are usually undesirable in relational database design.<\/li>\n<li><em>Example<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In a database with a Pupils table linked to a Teachers table \u2013 one pupil can have many teachers, and vice versa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Entity Relationship Diagrams<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Relationships can be represented graphically using an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram.<\/p>\n<p>There are many different notations for ER diagrams, we will use crow\u2019s foot notation.<br \/>\n\u2022 The names of entities are written in boxes joined by straight lines.<br \/>\n\u2022 At the \u201cmany\u201d end the line forks.<br \/>\n\u2022 At the \u201cone\u201d end the line it judt joins the box.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1161\" 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278w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Keys<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary Key<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>primary key<\/strong> is a field which is a unique identifier for each record.<\/li>\n<li>A file may have only one primary key.<\/li>\n<li>At the design stage, primary keys are usually identified by underlining.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Foreign Key<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>foreign key<\/strong> is the primary key copied from another file, used to link two files.<\/li>\n<li>In order to create a link, the primary key from the \u201cone\u201d entity gets copied into the \u201cmany\u201d entity as a foreign key.<\/li>\n<li>At the design stage, foreign keys are usually identified using an asterisk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compound Key<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>compound key<\/strong> is a key which consists of two or more fields in order to create a unique identifier. This is required when no single field can be used to uniquely identify a record.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre>Litters\t(Litter ID\r\n\t\tSire\r\n\t\tDame\r\n\t\tNumber in litter\r\n\t\tDOB)\r\n\r\nPuppies\t(Puppy ID\r\n\t\tPuppy name\r\n\t\tSex\r\n\t\tCost of puppy\r\nLitter ID*)\r\n\r\nCustomers\t(Customer name\r\n\t\tAddress\r\nPuppy ID*)\r\n\r\nThere are 3 tables in this database.\r\n\r\n\u2022\tThe Litters table has Litter ID as a primary key.\r\n\u2022\tThe Puppies table has Puppy ID as a primary key.\r\n\u2022\tThe Customers table uses Customer name and Address as a compound key.\r\n\r\n\u2022\tLitter ID is a foreign key in the Puppies table.\r\nThis creates a one-to-many relationship between Litters and Puppies.\r\n\r\n\u2022\tPuppy ID is a foreign key in the Customers table.\r\nThis creates a one-to-many relationship between Puppies and Customers.\r\n<\/pre>\n<h3><strong>Field Validation <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Using appropriate validation reduces the chance of error when data is input.<\/p>\n<p>Various validation techniques can be used to ensure data is appropriate:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Presence check<\/strong> \u2013 ensures field cannot be left empty, good validation for a primary key.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Restricted choice<\/strong> \u2013 the user is presented with a list of options to choose from using a drop-down menu, option buttons or similar. This is often used for the input of data for a foreign key, by automatically generating the list of options from the linked file.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Length check<\/strong> \u2013 ensures an appropriate number of characters is input, e.g. minimum of 8 characters, maximum of 20.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Range check<\/strong> \u2013 used on numeric fields to ensure number is within certain range e.g. between 0 and 100.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Queries<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Queries allows the user to find information in a database.<\/p>\n<p>Users may perform simple queries looking at the contents of one field or complex queries looking at the contents of many fields.<\/p>\n<p>When answering exam questions always state what data is being searched for and which field it should be in.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"733\"><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"366\">To find all the male pupils who are over 12<\/td>\n<td width=\"366\">SEARCH for \u201cmale\u201d in the Gender field AND &gt;12 in the Age field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"366\">To find all the people who live in Edinburgh or Glasgow<\/td>\n<td width=\"366\">SEARCH for \u201cEdinburgh\u201d in the Town field OR \u201cGlasgow\u201d in the Town field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"366\">To find all the people born in the 1990s<\/td>\n<td width=\"366\">SEARCH for &gt;31\/12\/89 in the DOB field AND &lt;1\/1\/00 in the DOB field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Sorting <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Sorting puts database records in order based on the contents of particular fields.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ascending order goes from A to Z, smallest number to largest number.<\/li>\n<li>Descending order goes from Z to A, largest number to smallest number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"733\"><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"366\">Put the customers in alphabetical order<\/td>\n<td width=\"366\">SORT on Surname field in Ascending order then the Forename field in Ascending order.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"366\">Find the tallest person in the database<\/td>\n<td width=\"366\">SORT on Height field in Descending order then look at the first record in the list.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Reports<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Reports allow the presentation of selected data from the database.<\/p>\n<p>The output can be customised in a variety of ways, including displaying only chosen fields and formatting the data in a particular way.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a report which has been produced to show details of all employees who earn more than \u00a330000.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2016\/04\/HDB2.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1195\" 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Changes to the formatting of the Birth Date column and other column headings.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Forms<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Database creators can prepare forms layouts specially designed for inputting data, to help improve usability.<\/p>\n<p>A well laid-out form, using suitable techniques such as drop-down menus or checkboxes, reduces the typing required and makes data input easier and faster.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2016\/04\/DB31.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1196\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/2016\/04\/15\/higher-structures-and-links-database-revision\/db3-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/nl\/public\/ColtnessHS-ComputingScience\/uploads\/sites\/12638\/2016\/04\/DB31.png\" data-orig-size=\"315,185\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" 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