1. Aluminium is extracted from its purified oxide by molten electrolysis. Suggest two advantages and two disadvantages of locating aluminium smelters in the Scottish Highlands.
2. Write down 5 factors which will affect the design of a chemical process.
3. A reaction in a chemical plant is exothermic.
(a) Explain what is meant by an exothermic reaction.
(b) How does the exothermic reaction help the chemical plant make a profit?
4. By-products are usually created in industrial chemical processes.
(a) Explain what is meant by a by-product.
(b) How can by-products be
(i) profit making?
(ii) profit losing?
5. As well as transportation, what other reasons could there be for siting chemical works close to rivers?
6. What are the four stages in the manufacture of a new product? Write a sentence or two to explain each stage.
7. Imagine you were researching a method for converting benzene to a long chain alkylbenzene for detergent manufacture. What amounts of reagents would you use?
A milligrams
B grams
C kilograms
D metric tonnes (1000 kg)
8. Give three ways that the operators of chemical plants can minimize the effect of the processes on the environment.
9. The Haber process is used to make ammonia. For this process list
(a) the feedstocks
(b) the raw materials
10. The cost of energy is of major importance to the chemical industry. State one way by which energy costs can be kept down.
11. State three factors which can influence the location of a chemical plant.
12. Give two examples of steps taken by the chemical industry to reduce environmental damage.
13. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a “continuous” method of manufacturing a product.
14. About 21 million tonnes of sulphuric acid are produced each year in the UK.
Sulphuric acid can be prepared in industry by the Chamber Process. The following chemical reactions are involved.
Sulphur is burned to produce sulphur dioxide.
Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to provide sulphurous acid.
Nitric oxide is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia; water is also a product of this reaction.
Nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide.
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with sulphurous acid to form sulphuric acid and regenerate nitric oxide.
Complete the flow diagram of the Chamber Process with the names of the chemicals involved in the reactions.
15. Titanium is a very useful metal. It has many uses, from components of spacecraft to spectacle frames. The diagram shows steps in the manufacture of titanium.
(a) In this diagram, sodium is recycled. Add a labelled arrow to the diagram to show how another chemical is recycled.
(b) TiCl4, can be separated from impurities by fractional distillation because it is volatile.
What does this suggest about the type of bonding in TiCl4?
(c) During the distillation step, care must be taken to ensure that no water enters the reaction chamber. What type of reaction is this designed to prevent?
(d) Give another name for the redox reaction to produce titanium.
