{"id":688,"date":"2014-04-30T12:51:11","date_gmt":"2014-04-30T12:51:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hyndland-sec-glasgow.blogs.rm.com\/CfE-Higher-Unit-1\/?page_id=47"},"modified":"2014-04-30T12:51:11","modified_gmt":"2014-04-30T12:51:11","slug":"gene-expression","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/gene-expression\/","title":{"rendered":"Control of Gene Expression"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>3 Control of gene expression<\/h3>\n<p><\/strong><br \/>\n(a) The phenotype is determined by the proteins produced as the result of gene expression, influenced by intra- and extra-cellular environmental factors. Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed.<br \/>\nGene expression is controlled by the regulation of transcription and translation.<br \/>\n(b) Structure and functions of RNA. Single strand, replacement of thymine with uracil and deoxyribose with ribose compared to DNA. mRNA (messenger) carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome. rRNA (ribosomal) and proteins form the ribosome. Each tRNA (transfer) carries a specific amino acid.<br \/>\n(c) Transcription of DNA into primary and mature RNA transcripts to include the role of RNA polymerase and complementary base pairing. The introns of the primary transcript of mRNA are non-coding and are removed in RNA splicing. The exons are coding regions and are joined together to form mature transcript. This process is called RNA splicing.<br \/>\n(d) Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide by tRNA at the ribosome.<br \/>\ntRNA folds due to base pairing to form a triplet anticodon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid. Triplet codons on mRNA and anticodons translate the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. Start and stop codons exist. Codon recognition of incoming tRNA, peptide bond formation and exit of tRNA from the ribosome as polypeptide is formed.<br \/>\n(e) Different proteins can be expressed from one gene as a result of alternative RNA splicing and post-translational modification. Different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and introns.<br \/>\nPost translation protein structure modification by cutting and combining polypeptide chains or by adding phosphate or carbohydrate groups to the protein.<br \/>\n(f) Proteins are held in a three-dimensional shape \u2014 peptide bonds, folded polypeptide chains, hydrogen bonds, interactions between individual amino acids.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>3 Control of gene expression (a) The phenotype is determined by the proteins produced as the result of gene expression, influenced by intra- and extra-cellular environmental factors. Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed. Gene expression is controlled by the regulation of transcription and translation. (b) Structure and functions of RNA. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/gene-expression\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Control of Gene Expression&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2454,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-688","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/688","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2454"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=688"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/688\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.glowscotland.org.uk\/gc\/hyndsecbiohu1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=688"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}