1. (a) The diagram shows a section through the heart of a mammal.
(I) Identify chambers P, Q and R. (2)
(ii) State the function of valve X and name the blood vessel in which it is found. (2)
(iii) Which one of the following statements is correct for blood vessel A?
It is a vein carrying blood to the lungs
It is an artery carrying blood to the lungs
It is a vein carrying blood to the body
It is an artery carrying blood to the body
(b) Blood is made of a liquid called plasma which contains red and white cells.
(i) What is the main function of the red blood cells? (1)
(ii) State one function of plasma. (1)
(c) Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen to the heart muscle. (1)
2. (a) The heart is formed from four chambers. The upper chambers are the left atrium and the right atrium. The wall of the right atrium has an average thickness of 2 mm. The left atrium wall is on average 3 mm thick.
The lower chamber on the left side, the left ventricle, has walls on average 18 mm thick, compared to 4·5 mm in the right ventricle.
(I) Use this information to complete the following table.
(ii) Express the ratio of the average wall thickness of the right ventricle to that of the left ventricle as a simple, whole number ratio. (1)
(b) Decide if each of the statements about the heart and surrounding blood vessels is True or False and tick (✓) the appropriate box. If the statement is False, write the correct term in the Correction box to replace the term underlined.
- The following diagram shows a section through a human heart.
(a) (i)Name blood vessel E and heart chamber D. (1)
(ii) What is the function of valves in the circulatory system? (1)
(b) Blood flows round the body in three different types of blood vessel. In which type of blood vessel can a pulse be easily detected?
- (a)Copy and complete the following table to show the three types of blood vessels and their functions.
| Blood vessel | Function |
| Vein | |
| Artery | |
| Allows exchange of materials between blood and tissues |
(b) What is the main function of red blood cells? (1)
(c) The concentration of substances found in blood plasma is shown in the table below.
| Substance
|
Concentration
(g per 100 ml)
|
| Sugars | 0·1 |
| Salts | 0.8 |
| Proteins | 6.4 |
| Fats | 0.6 |
| wastes | 0.1 |
(i) Express the concentration of salts to proteins as a simple whole number ratio. (1)
(ii) A man has 3 litres of blood plasma (1 litre = 1000 ml).
Calculate the total mass of proteins present in his blood. (1)
- Read the following passage and then answer the questions based upon it.
Young at Heart?
New research shows that decades of hard-won progress in reducing the risk of heart disease in America appears to be losing pace. Recent death rates from heart disease remain almost unchanged in men and women under 55 years old.
This trend comes at a time when even young people are increasingly likely to be obese, suffer from diabetes and have high blood pressure. Each of these increases heart attack risk.
Data from 1980 to 2002 showed that the death rate from heart disease had fallen.
In the whole population there was a yearly reduction of 2.9 percent during the 1980s, 2.6 percent during the 1990s and 4.4 percent from 2000 to 2002.
However the numbers told a strikingly different story for people aged 35 to 54. The yearly death rate from heart disease fell by 6.2 percent in the 1980s, by only 2.3 percent in the 1990s and showed no reduction at all between 2000 and 2002.
The message is that heart disease has not gone away, and could become an even greater problem if people fail to pay attention to known warning signs. Dr F S Ford, a medical officer for the American government said, “Young adults should take stock of their lifestyles. Don’t smoke and take at least 30 minutes of exercise per day. If you need to lose weight, you must burn more energy than you take in. Good habits should start early. Changes that lead to heart disease, for example hardening of the arteries, occur at an early age. Therefore it is especially important that children and young people develop appropriate habits that minimise their risk of heart disease later in life.”
(a) From the passage, identify three factors which contribute to the risk of heart disease. (1)
(b) Copy and complete the table below to show the changes in death rates for the 35-54 age group and the whole population. (2)
| Average yearly reduction
in heart disease (%) |
||||
| 1980-1989 | 1990-1999 | 2000-2009 | ||
| Whole population | ||||
| 35-54 age group | ||||
(c) According to Dr Ford, why is it important that “good habits should start early”? (1)
(d) What cellular process is being referred to in the phrase “you must burn more energy” ? (1)
- The diagram shows some of the structures in the human heart.
(a) Name chamber A. (1KU)
(b) Sketch the diagram and add arrows to show the direction of blood flow into and out of chamber B. (1KU)
(c) Describe the function of valves in the heart. (1KU)
(d) Explain why the wall of chamber C is thicker than the wall of chamber D. (1KU)
7. The diagram and statements refer to the blood system of a mammal.
(a) Sketch the diagram and draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow in vessels D and F. (2PS)
(i)Copy and complete the table by ticking the correct boxes to show whether the blood in each vessel is oxygenated or deoxygenated. (2KU)
(ii) Write down the letters of two arteries in the diagram. (1PS)
8. (a) The diagram shows a human heart.
(i) Copy and complete the table by ticking the correct boxes to show whether the blood in each vessel is oxygenated or deoxygenated. (2KU)
| Vessel | Oxygenated blood | Deoxygenated blood |
| A | ||
| B | ||
| C |
(b) State the function of red blood cells. (1KU)
(c) State the function of blood plasma. (1KU)
9. The table below shows the number of people with each blood group in a population of 1500.
| Blood group | Number of people |
| A | 610 |
| B | 143 |
| O | 675 |
| AB | 72 |
(a) What percentage of the population has blood group O? (1PS)
(b) In the population, the ratio of males to females with blood group AB is 5:3. How many males would have blood group AB? (1PS)
(c) Blood platelets are important in the formation of blood clots at the site of an injury. The following diagram shows the sequence of reactions which produce the clot when platelets gather at the site of an injury.
(I) Suggest one benefit of a blood clot forming at the site of an injury. (1PS)
(ii) Explain why low calcium levels would reduce the blood’s ability to clot. (1PS)
10. The diagram represents a section through the heart of a mammal. Use letters from the diagram to identify the following:
- The two atria (auricles). (1KU)
- The vessel which brings blood to the heart from the lungs. (1KU)
- The two vessels which carry deoxygenated blood. (1KU)
(b) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. (1KU)
(c)(i) Copy the following diagram and use lines to connect each of the blood vessels to the correct description of blood flow. (2KU)
Blood vessel Description of blood flow
Arteries away from the heart
Veins through the tissues
Capillaries towards the heart
(ii)In which type of vessel might a pulse be felt? (1KU)
